Unprecedented information on coupling between hydrological, biogeochemical,Īnd ecological processes controlling streamwater quality that can Using traditional low-frequency sampling approaches (weekly to monthly Processes that have been previously unrecognized or underappreciated Thus, high-frequency measurements can identifyįine-scale temporal variation in water quality patterns and underlying
#Hensley et al. hydrological processes 2018 drivers#
Underlying hydrometeorological and biogeochemical drivers and theĪbility to obtain large amounts of water quality data in an automatedĪnd systematic way. Intervals of water quality measurements with the process rates of The main advantages of these technologies is the matching of the sampling In water, spanning sampling intervals from seconds to hours and usingĪ range of automated instruments deployed in situ: autosamplers, electrochemical probes, optical sensors, wet-chemistryĪnalyzers, and lab-on-a-chip tools based on microfluidics and nanotechnology. Measurements facilitate the analysis of dissolved or suspended chemicals Have significantly shifted the state-of-the-art methods in severalĪreas of catchment science, stream hydrochemistry, aquatic ecology,Īnd freshwater and wastewater management. In high-frequency water quality measurements Systems and catchment status, health, and function. Finally, we discuss future directions and challengesįor using high-frequency water quality measurements to bridge scientificĪnd management gaps by promoting a holistic understanding of freshwater Water quality technologies, outline key high-frequency hydrochemicalĭata sets, and review scientific advances in key focus areas enabledīy the rapid development of high-frequency water quality measurements Here, we summarize established and emerging high-frequency Of solutes and particulates in complex catchments and along the aquaticĬontinuum. Into the sources, transport pathways, and transformation processes Of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, bringing new insights This detailed chemical information can be combined with measurements Of water quality constituents, including both solutes and particulates,Īt unprecedented frequencies from seconds to subdaily sampling intervals. Have expanded in scope and sophistication during the last two decades.Įxisting technology allows in situ automated measurements Faecal coliforms and E coli bacteria counts were mostly <1 CFU/g soil in MT1, MT2, and MT4 hillslope migrations were detected in MT3 posing pollution risks.High-frequency water quality measurements in streams In general, hydraulic conductivity values support the interpretations made from soil morphological measurements. The conceptual models derived from morphological properties were verified using soil physical and organic pollutant measurements. High clay contents and strong structured soils were dominant in MT3, indicating slow internal drainage with a large adsorption capacity. This signifies slowly permeable bedrock and the occurrence of lateral flow. Hydromorphic properties were observed at the soil/bedrock interface in the lower parts of MT1 and the entire slope of MT4. Apedal soils, without morphological evidence of saturation, dominated the upper slopes of MT1 and the lower slopes of MT2, thus promoting vertical drainage. The studied sites are adjacent to the proposed footprint of a planned multi-purpose storage dam, Ntabelanga. Four hillslopes below the pit latrines (MT1, MT2, MT3, and MT4) occur above first-order tributaries to the Tsitsa River, South Africa, were studied. Soil morphological properties and their spatial distribution were used to conceptualize hillslope hydropedological behaviour to determine the fate of Escherichia coli and faecal coliform from 4 pit latrines. In the Ntabelanga area, 56% of the households use pit latrines and untreated drinking groundwater supplies. The hydrological response of catchments is determined by the combined hydropedological response of hillslopes.
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